C# How To Get The Max And Min Numerical Values (Both) From A Variable

Germans are used to separating the decimal locations from integer places by a comma. English talking nations use a interval, and the preceding output makes use of the right English formatting. To start, you must keep away from saving numeric constants as text in this system code itself if you want to convert them to a numeric sort later on . When you define numeric information varieties within your packages, make those definitions immediately in code. Do not use strings and the corresponding conversion capabilities. You have in all probability already observed that numeric strings positioned in code for assigning a worth should at all times adhere to the English formatting. By allocating variables with knowledge sorts which may be giant enough to include all values that will presumably be computed and stored in them, it is always potential to keep away from overflow. Static evaluation instruments, formal verification and design by contract techniques can be utilized to extra confidently and robustly be sure that an overflow can't by chance result. Variable names in Python consist of a sequence of letters (a..z, A..Z, and _) and digits (0..9) that begins with a letter. In finest programming follow, variable names ought to be chosen in order that they describe their use in this system, making the program self documenting. When we want to compare values of extra columns we must rewrite the function or create a new one, because in SQL Server we received't create a perform with a dynamic variety of parameters. Now you perceive how to seek out the maximum and minimal values in binary notation the values of unsigned and signed information varieties. Additional arguments handed to these functions should be addresses of variables whose sort is set by the format string; these are used to store values from the input tuple. There are a couple of cases, as described in the record of format items above, where these parameters are used as enter values; they should match what's specified for the corresponding format unit in that case. All numeric information types have methods which might be used the same method for all types. They convert a string into the corresponding numeric value or a numeric value into a string. Other methods serve to find out the most important or smallest value a data type can symbolize. Type variables (§4.4) and type arguments (§4.5.1) aren't reified at run time. As a end result, the identical class or interface at run time represents multiple parameterized types (§4.5) from compile-time. Specifically, all compile-time invocations of a given generic type declaration (§8.1.2, §9.1.2) share a single run-time illustration.

Compatibility of the value of a variable with its sort is assured by the design of the Java programming language, as lengthy as a program does not give rise to compile-time unchecked warnings (§4.12.2). There are contexts within the Java programming language the place a generic class or interface name is used with out offering type arguments. Such contexts do not contain the use of uncooked varieties (§4.8). Rather, they are contexts where kind arguments are unnecessary for, or irrelevant to, the which means of the generic class or interface. You are assigning the ASCII table integer value of 78, as a substitute of the letter 'N' to the variable first_initial. The pc internalizes it as the bottom 10, decimal integer value of 78, which then will get printed to the terminal because the character value of capital N by using a operate like putchar. As a software engineer, you have to make aware decisions on what information varieties you want to assign in your software based mostly off their reminiscence utilization and the types of problems you are trying to unravel. In stark contrast to older languages similar to C, some newer languages corresponding to Rust, present built-in capabilities that permit straightforward detection and consumer alternative over how overflow must be dealt with case by case. In Rust, whereas use of basic mathematic operators naturally lacks such flexibility, customers can alternatively carry out calculations by way of a set of strategies supplied by each of the integer primitive sorts. These strategies give users a number of choices between performing a checked operation ; an 'unchecked' operation; an operation that performs wrapping, or an operation which performs saturation at the numeric bounds. No arithmetic features are delegated to the processor for the data kind Decimal. Therefore, this knowledge kind is processed rather more slowly than the floating-point information types Single and Double. At the same time, however, there shall be no rounding errors as a result of inside display of values within the binary system. You will be taught extra about this in the following section. If no operation that requires a compile-time unchecked warning to be issued takes place, and no unsafe aliasing occurs of array variables with non-reifiable element sorts, then heap pollution cannot happen. Note that this does not indicate that heap pollution only occurs if a compile-time unchecked warning actually occurred. It is feasible to run a program where a number of the binaries had been produced by a compiler for an older version of the Java programming language, or from sources that explicitly suppressed unchecked warnings. Take, for instance, the static Add perform, which provides two numbers of sort Decimal and returns a Decimal. You can use the + operator of Visual Basic instead, which might additionally add two numbers of the sort Decimal—and does so in rather more simply readable code.

Therefore, it is smart to make use of the features presented in Table 6-3. In SQL Server we will discover the maximum or minimum value from completely different columns of the identical information sort using different methods. As we are able to see the first solution in our article is the most effective in efficiency and it also has relatively compact code. Please think about these evaluations and comparisons are estimates, the performance you will notice is decided by table construction, indexes on columns, etc. How do you get the utmost and minimal values for integer data varieties based mostly off the working system in C? If Julien is reading this, the pseudo code, which is hen scratch at this point, is my work not the work of one other pupil. Taking pictures of different students code is strongly not beneficial. Using such languages may thus be helpful to mitigate this problem. However, in some such languages, conditions are nonetheless possible where an integer overflow can occur. An example is specific optimization of a code path which is considered a bottleneck by the profiler. In the case of Common Lisp, that is potential through the use of an explicit declaration to type-annotate a variable to a machine-size word and lower the type security degree to zero for a specific code block. Handling possible overflow of a calculation might typically current a alternative between performing a verify earlier than a calculation , or after it . Firstly, because it may not be a reliable detection technique . Secondly, as a result of the incidence of overflow itself may in some instances be undefined behavior. It is thus advisable to always choose to implement checks before calculations not after them. At first glance, you'd assume that both WriteLine methods return the identical textual content. You don't need to use a calculator to see that the value throughout the program represents the addition of the second and third value; therefore, both variable values must be the identical. Although the second a part of the program achieves the right result using the Decimal information kind, the Double type fails in the first part of this system. The following brief sections describe the usage of numeric information sorts and the vary of values you could represent with every numeric kind. A related double loop can be coded to do different processing of the information.

Suppose you want to compute the common value of each of the columns. Five variables could be declared for the five columns, but it is cleaner to declare an array with five elements for the 5 averages. In the following code, the extra array is used first to hold the sums of each column, then a division leads to the average. In the under instance – we're printing types, min value, max value of various data sorts in C#, like integer data varieties, floating point knowledge varieties, Boolean information kind, Reference types, Nullable sorts. The float, float-extended-exponent, double, and double-extended-exponent value units aren't types. This example above is -1 + -32,767 , which is -32,768in decimal notation and is the minimum value for signed short int data varieties. Again, negatives for signed information varieties begin with all 1's and depend the 0's. GeeksforGeeks has a fantastic article on all information varieties within the C language. Without going into the structure of how the C language was built, there are ranges of values assigned to every knowledge sort. When reading via the image below, you may acknowledge a pattern. Variable; these shall be crammed in with the values fromargs; they will comprise borrowed references. The variables which correspond to optional parameters not given by args is not going to be filled in; these ought to be initialized by the caller. This function returns true on success and false ifargs is not a tuple or contains the mistaken variety of components; an exception shall be set if there was a failure. A format string consists of zero or extra "format models." A format unit describes one Python object; it's often a single character or a parenthesized sequence of format models. With a number of exceptions, a format unit that's not a parenthesized sequence usually corresponds to a single tackle argument to these capabilities. For instance, customer_id in our pattern gross sales table is a complete number beginning with zero.

However, we anticipate to get to one hundred,000 customers over the next 6-12 months. When we go over sixty five,535, the SMALLINT will no longer be adequate. Thus, a greater choice is MEDIUMINT unsigned, which ought to cover us for the subsequent several years. The kind of data (integers, textual content, real numbers, etc…) and the potential value ranges (0 to 1,000; any 3 characters; etc…) correspond to specific database data types. For processing numbers, Visual Basic offers the info types Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Single, Double, and Decimal. The knowledge types SByte, UShort, Uinteger, and ULong had been launched with Visual Basic 2005. They differ within the range, the precision, or scale, of the values that they will represent , and their memory necessities. Many operations and capabilities of certain base information sorts could be delegated by the .NET Framework directly to the processor for execution. This means that no program logic is important to calculate an arithmetic expression (for example, a floating-point division). The processor can do this by itself, so such operations are subsequently very fast. Most of the operations of the info varieties Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Single, Double, and Boolean fall into this category. SQL Server supplies us with a number of aggregate functions that can be utilized to perform different sorts of calculations on a set of values, and return a single value that summarized the enter knowledge set. These SQL Server mixture capabilities include AVG(), COUNT(), SUM(), MIN() and MAX(). Like different types, arrays can be handed as parameters to strategies. Suppose we wish a way to sum the values in a doublearray. This will require passing an array as a parameter and returning a double result.

Method Description Next() Returns a optimistic random integer throughout the default vary -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483, 647. Next Returns a constructive random integer that is less than the desired most value. Next Returns a optimistic random integer inside the specified minimal and maximum vary . NextDouble() Generates random floating-point quantity that is larger than or equal to zero.0 and fewer than 1.0. NextByte() Fills the desired array with the random bytes. Here, we're going to be taught concerning the various types of information varieties in C#. In this example, we'll print sort of the info varieties, their min values and max values. The compile-time type of a variable is always declared, and the compile-time sort of an expression may be deduced at compile time. The compile-time sort limits the possible values that the variable can maintain at run time or the expression can produce at run time. If a run-time value is a reference that's not null, it refers to an object or array that has a class, and that class will necessarily be appropriate with the compile-time type. IEEE 754 allows multiple distinct NaN values for each of its single and double floating-point codecs. Language, as a outcome of types limit the values that a variable (§4.12) can maintain or that an expression can produce, limit the operations supported on those values, and determine the meaning of the operations. Strong static typing helps detect errors at compile time. The standard answer to get the minimal value in a sequence of values is using the Min() method. Similarly to get the utmost value, use the Max() method. The following instance demonstrates the utilization of the Min() and Max() strategies to seek out the minimum and maximum value in a listing of integers.

Let's use the unsigned quick int data sort with a max range of 65,535. To find the max value for the unsigned integer knowledge type, we take 2 to the ability of sixteen and substract by 1, which would is 65,535. We get the quantity sixteen from taking the number of bytes that assigned to the unsigned quick int data kind and a quantity of it by the variety of bits assigned to every byte and get sixteen. Floating-point varieties have certain special properties that simplify processing of irregular outcomes during calculations . To examine for nonnumeric ends in your calculations, use the following members of the floating-point information varieties. When you may have a lot of data, it's usually helpful to see what it seems like. As a ultimate example, think about how to count what number of instances every value occurs in iris.txt. By inspection, each value only has at most one decimal place, so if we multiply by 10 and round, then completely different values will correspond to different integers. All the values in iris.txtare constructive, and the biggest value is 7.9, so the integers will vary from 1 to seventy nine. This means an integer array of size 80 can be utilized to depend each value. Min will hold minimal value node, and max will maintain maximum value node. In the above example, 1 shall be minimum value node and 8 shall be maximum value node. The algorithm to search out the utmost and minimum node is given under. In this program, we have to find out the minimal and maximum value node within the given singly linked record. The drawback can't be recognized at run time as a end result of sort variables aren't reified, and thus instances don't carry any data at run time concerning the sort arguments used to create them. Ultimately, crucial motivation for this decision is compatibility with current code. In a naive sense, the addition of recent constructs similar to generics has no implications for pre-existing code. The Java programming language, per se, is appropriate with earlier versions so long as every program written within the earlier versions retains its which means within the new version. However, this notion, which may be termed language compatibility, is of purely theoretical curiosity. Real applications (even trivial ones, corresponding to "Hello World") are composed of a number of compilation models, some of which are supplied by the Java SE platform (such as parts of java.lang or java.util).

In follow, then, the minimum requirement is platform compatibility - that any program written for the prior model of the Java SE platform continues to operate unchanged within the new version. Because of the occasional need to make use of a generic class or interface name without type arguments, type names are distinct from type declaration specifiers. A type name is always certified via another sort name. In some instances, that is necessary to access an inside class that is a member of a parameterized sort. Likewise, every component of the double value set is necessarily also a component of the double-extended-exponent value set. Each extended-exponent value set has a bigger range of exponent values than the corresponding commonplace value set, however doesn't have more precision. Another means of finding out the maximum value for the unsigned brief int knowledge type in C is utilizing binary illustration. We know that there are 16 bits in the unsigned short int information sort from the example above. If we put that into the bottom 2, binary illustration, it would look one thing like this. The habits on occurrence of overflow is in all probability not constant in all circumstances. In C, unsigned integer overflow is outlined to wrap round, while signed integer overflow causes undefined behavior. For your database to perform correctly and be as optimized as potential, it's important to fastidiously choose the data types for each area in your tables. As sensible as fashionable databases are, the house owners of the information nonetheless know best about what type of data is saved and what are the possible values the info can take within the foreseeable future.

So you need to fastidiously specify the information sorts for every of your fields. You might let your database select knowledge varieties for you when creating your table with sample records. However, it will rarely give you the finest data sort selection. For instance, letting MySQL select the information types for a sales desk with the sample values proven beforehand provides a number of points. If potential, never use the Decimal information sort in loops, and don't use it as a counter variable. The kind is not directly supported by the processor, so it degrades your program's performance. Try to get by with one of many many integer variable sorts. Table 6-2 presents an inventory of the numeric information sorts, along with a short description. The base knowledge sorts are mainly primitive knowledge sorts, corresponding to Integer, Double, Date, String, and so on, with which you're already familiar. They are an integral part of the C# and Microsoft Visual Basic.NET languages; you'll have the ability to acknowledge them easily as a outcome of the Microsoft Visual Studio code editor colors them blue as quickly as you declare them. This topic describes the numeric information sorts supported in Snowflake, together with the supported formats for numeric constants/literals. The value that's returned from the SQL MAX() mixture function will be the same as the Expressiondata type, and the returned value shall be NULL when the input expression has no rows to read from. When max is computed on histogram fields, the result of the aggregation is the utmost of all elements in the values array. Note, that the counts array of the histogram is ignored. Value The floating point value to restrict inside the range defined by the minimum and most values. Min The minimum floating point value to match in opposition to. Max The maximum floating point value to match towards.

The project of the value of cp to the variable pcauses p to carry a reference to a ColoredPoint object. This is permitted as a end result of ColoredPoint is a subclass of Point, so the category ColoredPoint is assignment-compatible (§5.2) with the kind Point. A ColoredPointobject consists of support for all of the strategies of a Point. In addition to its specific fields r, g, and b, it has the fields of sophistication Point, namely xand y. Were it not for one distinctive scenario, an area variable could always be thought to be being created when its native variable declaration statement is executed. The distinctive state of affairs entails the swap assertion (§14.11), the place it's potential for control to enter a block however bypass execution of a neighborhood variable declaration statement. It is worth dwelling upon the distinction between intersection types and the bounds of kind variables. Every kind variable sure induces an intersection sort. This intersection sort is often trivial (i.e., consists of a single type). The type of a sure is restricted to preclude sure awkward conditions coming into existence. However, capture conversion can result in the creation of sort variables whose bounds are extra basic (e.g., array types).

How To Calculate Cut And Fill Volume In Autocad

Nacrtak Earthwork usually represents the largest cost component in the construction of low-volume forest roads. Accurate estimates of earthwork volume are essential to forecast construction costs and improve the financial control of road construction operations. Traditionally, earth-work volumes are estimated using methods that consider ground data obtained from survey stations along road grade lines. However, these methods may not provide accurate estimates when terrain variations between survey stations are ignored. In this study, we developed a computerized model to accurately estimate earthwork volumes for the proposed forest roads by using a high-resolution digital elevation model . We applied our model to three hypothetical forest road layouts with different ground slopes and terrain ruggedness conditions.

We examined the effects of various cross-section spacings on the accuracy of earthwork volume estimation assuming that 1-meter spacing provides the »true« earthwork volume. We also compared our model results with those obtained from the traditional end-area method. The results indicate that as cross-section spacing increases the accuracy of earthwork volume estimation decreases due to lack of the ability to capture terrain varia-tions. We quantified earthwork differences, which increased with terrain ruggedness rang-ing from 2 to 21%. As expected, short cross-section spacing should be applied to improve accuracy in earthwork volume estimation when roads are planned and located on hilly and rugged terrain. The grid method of calculation involves drawing a grid onto the plan for the earthwork project.

For each node of the grid, determine the existing and proposed ground level and calculate the cut or fill required. Once the cut or fill depth is calculated, multiply the value by the area of the grid cell. Do this for each square of the grid, then add the volumes together to determine the total cut and fill volumes for the project. Prediction of roadway is one of the main effective factors on fill and cut slope volume, cost and disturbance in forest road constructions. The objective of this study was to develop models for prediction of forest roadway using artificial neural network and multiple linear regression . For this purpose, 192 cross profiles were measured on the Soordar-Vatashan forest roads.

Within each sample, hillside gradient, slope direction, rock share ratio and texture of soil were recorded as the inputs and roadway was recorded as the output. According to coefficient of determination , multiple correlation coefficient and root mean square error and percent error, the ANN was more successful than regression model in prediction of roadway. The grid method involves drawing a uniform grid onto a plan of the earthworks project, and taking off the existing and proposed ground levels at each node of the grid. With these values the average depth of cut or fill required on each cell of the grid is calculated, and the volume for each cell is obtained by multiplying the depth by the cell area.

By adding the volumes for each cell together the total cut and fill volumes for the project can be estimated. Selecting an optimal vertical alignment while satisfying safety and design constraints is an important task during road construction. The amount of earthwork operations depends on the design of the vertical alignment, so a good vertical alignment can have a profound impact on final construction costs. In this research, we improve the performance of a previous mixed-integer linear programming model, and we propose a new quasi-network flow model. Both models use a piecewise quadratic curve to compute the minimum cost vertical alignment and take earthwork operations into account.

The models consider several features such as side-slopes, and physical blocks in the terrain. In addition to improving the precision, we propose several techniques that speed up the search for a solution, so that it is possible to make interactive design tools. We report numerical tests that validate the accuracy of the models, and reduce the calculation time. So how do estimators calculate the volume between two surfaces? This can be a very complicated process since the amount that the elevation of the soil surface changes can vary considerably and irregularly across the site.

The first surface is typically the existing site topography, while the second shows the post-construction site grades. Post construction grades can result from excavation of existing soil, by the placement of additional soil, or by some combination of the two. The volumes required to place soil are typically designated as positive volume while those volumes resulting from excavation are treated as negative volumes. The resultant numbers can be added together to get a cut-to-fill balance for the site. A well-designed site will result in a balanced cut to fill with the net volume of the two equaling zero. Depending on the nature of the site and its proposed earthwork, there are several options available for accurately estimating the resulting earthwork volumes.

Most site excavation takeoffs have historically been performed using paper grading plans and a large format digitizer tablet. Contour lines, spot elevations, and areas were entered into the computer from the blueprint using the digitizer tablet. Once this information is digitized into the computer, site volumes are calculated along with a 3-D model of the existing and proposed site. The digitizer method is the ideal approach if contractors prefer to work with paper plans. However, many contractors are now receiving electronic files instead of paper plans, and the use of on-screen takeoff tools are gaining in popularity. This method involves drawing horizontal and vertical lines over your site plan to divide it into grid cells of equal size.

You then include the existing elevation and proposed elevation for each corner of the grid cells, and work out the difference between the two, as this will be cut or fill depth for that spot. When you've done this for every corner you add them up, average them, and perform further calculations that will end up giving you a total number of cuts and fills. The difference between these two numbers will show you if earth will need to be removed or brought onto site to complete the job. The cross-section method of calculation is a common method used with the 2-dimensional method of mapping. With this method, cross-sections of the existing and proposed land levels are measured at regular intervals across the site. The cut and fill area is determined for each cross-section, then adjacent cross-sections are compared and the averages of their cut and fill areas are multiplied by the distance between them.

This is done for each adjacent pair of sections, then the total volumes are added together to create the complete cut and fill volumes for the project. The cross section method involves plotting cross sections of the existing and proposed levels at regular intervals across the project site. For each of the cross sections, the cut area and the fill area is determined. The volume between each pair of sections is estimated by multiplying the average cut or fill area of the two sections by the distance between them.

Once these volumes have been calculated for each pair of sections the total cut and fill volumes are obtained by adding them all together. This, in turn, allows for the creation of highly accurate Digital Terrain Models. Given the huge number of calculations required, this is a process that can only be done on a computer. The DTMs allow for direct calculation between a surface and a fixed elevation or two such surfaces.

DTMs can also be generated for different soil strata in an excavation, allowing for direct calculation of volumes for each soil type. The slices are aligned perpendicular to a baseline running the full length of the earthwork area. This is usually the site's longest dimension to increase accuracy, but can also be aligned along a property or tract line, utility easement, right of way, roadway centerline, etc. The interval between the parallel slices can vary depending on the size of the site and the designed accuracy of the calculation. The volume of a massive 1,000-acre site development could be calculated with reasonable accuracy with intervals of 100 to 200 feet. A smaller square building lot of fewer than 10 acres would not achieve reasonable accuracy with such a large interval as it would only utilize six slices.

In general, the smaller the site, the smaller the required interval between slices. The triangular prism method starts by triangulating the existing terrain to create a continuous surface of connected triangles. Once both surfaces are complete, the triangulations are merged to create a third triangulation. Once merged, the cut and fill is calculated by taking the volumes of the generated triangles and adding them together. Because of the excellent representation of both the existing and desired terrains, this method presents an excellent representation of volumes for cut and fill projects. In this paper, an optimization program developed to produce an optimum vertical highway profile for a preselected horizontal alignment is described.

The aim of the program was to provide local highway engineers and planners in Singapore with a practical aid for highway geometric design and location analysis. A dynamic programming formulation was adopted to minimize the overall cost, which includes earthwork, land acquisition, materials, and vehicle operating costs. A real-life numerical example is presented to illustrate program application. A TIN surface is any surface that is created using this method. When you create a TIN volume surface, Civil 3D superimposes one TIN surface over another and creates a point at each location where the triangle edges cross. New triangles are then created by connecting the calculated points.

The resulting surface has the same distinctive triangular shapes, but instead of elevations, the values it represents are differences in elevation between the two surfaces. These differences in elevation are referred to as cut when they are negative and fill when they are positive. The Grid Method.The Grid Method is normally used to estimate volumes excavated from borrow pits . Like the Depth Area Method, the Grid Method utilizes thickness measurements over a given area.

Each grid point is treated as the center of a square whose sides are equal to that of the grid interval . The surface slope within the grid square itself is accounted for and approximated by assigning surveyed or proposed elevations to each of the square's corner points. The square is treated as a column that goes directly down vertically through the proposed soil excavation where the four corners align with matching corners located on the proposed surface. Measurements can then be taken to determine the depth of cut or fill at each corner .

Formulas and methods for determining the volumes and areas of regular shapes and surfaces go back at least as far as ancient Greece. Pythagoras and other mathematicians determined those formulas that are still used to calculate the volumes of spheres and pyramids, as well as the areas of curve conic sections. But what was a matter of mystic philosophy to the Greeks is a matter of financial life or death for earthwork contractors. Since there is an inherent error in any estimating earthwork calculation, the contractor must properly manage the resultant unknowns to ensure the success of the project.

With CadTools you can create your own surface models based on objects in the drawing or import triangles from DWG . You can create profiles and cross-sections of multiple surfaces, calculate volumes and plot contours. Once you choose your settings, click ok, and the compute materials list dialogue box opens. Next, pick your quantity takeoff criteria from the list, and the volume calculation method that you would like to use. Set the existing and proposed surfaces you would like in the section below.

Once you have the settings completed, it is time for the next step. Once we create the EG and FG surfaces, we can proceed to create a volume TIN surface. On this surface, we will select the EG as 'base surface' and the FG as 'comparison surface'.

After this, we will have a volume surface in Civil 3D containing accurate cut and fill volumes. The software obtains these volumes by comparing the volume contained between the triangles of the EG and those of the FG. We then just need to open the volume dashboard and add our newly created volume surface. On top of these, one of the most popular tools amongst contractors is the Civil 3D cut and fill analysis. Estimating the earthworks volume often becomes one of the most challenging parts of any construction project. Traditionally, this estimate was a manual process, using cross-sections from topographical surveys.

This method was very time-consuming and often led to substantial errors due to the human factor. MasksandBoundaries are excellent surface display tools. Masks can be useful to exclude an area of a surface from displaying in a drawing but still retain all the surface data used for earthwork calculations. Boundaries can be useful to "reign in" large surface models by excluding areas we do not wish to display or to remove surface data we do not want to include in calculations.

In most cases, this means you need to trim one or both terrain surfaces - either by extruding the border curve of the smaller of them, or by creating an auxiliar "trimming" 3D box . We will also need to make AutoCAD "Surface" objects from all these components to finally generate the resulting 3D solid and read its volume. When you choose create multiple section views, you will notice that section view tables is no longer grayed out. This is because we have already computed the materials list. When you get to this section, please choose total volume for the type of table, and your custom table for the style.

This area also lets you choose the position where you would like the table to be located based on the section view. You can select whether to measure cut-and-fill volumes within some specified distance of the selected line or within the specified area. Whichever option you choose, the heights will be interpolated between line vertices to get a smoothly varying cut height. If measuring within an area, there is also an option to perform multiple cut-and-fill calculations between a range of cut height values. If you choose this option the results will be displayed in a table at the end of the operation so you can see the results of each calculation. There are several great advantages to the triangular prism method.

First and foremost, this method is the most mathematically complete of the three. There are several different methods used to determine the areas of cut and fill, once the sections have been plotted. Perhaps the simplest method is to plot the sections on gridded paper and count the grid cells of the cut and fill areas. Multiplying the cell count by the area represented by each of the grid cells gives the cut or fill area for the section. Other methods include drawing the sections in CAD and exporting areas or calculating areas mathematically using the trapezoidal rule. The spreadsheet included with this article includes formulae which have automated the process of calculating section areas using the trapezoidal rule.

This can save a great deal of time if you are using the cross section method. To create an earthwork construction plan in Autodesk Civil 3D, use the Earthwork Plan Production feature found on the Analyze tab of the ribbon and on the Volume and Materials panel. This tool uses two TIN surfaces to calculate the volume, then inserts a grid with labels and a corresponding table. I have created surfaces for my original ground and my corridor. Both have appropriate boundaryies and the TIN looks good for both.

I am trying to create a volume report through Volume Dashboard. I am able to create the volume surface with no issues but the numbers it comes up with do not seem correct. I can see from my profile that there is a small fill but the software seems to create a fill that is almost half of all the material when my profile shows there is more cut. The problem is, when you finally finished doing the calculations, you found out the 3D model had changed, and it all needed to be redone, starting over again from the very beginning.

Unfortunately, this usually happened multiple times over the length of the project. Not only did you have to recalculate the volumes, but you also had to update the volume callouts to match the new numbers. The cut and fill process is an extremely useful process for excavation in residential, commercial and roadwork projects. However, while cut and fill makes use of existing terrain, it requires detailed planning to be as effective as possible. To accomplish this goal, project planners need detailed cut and fill maps — that means they need survey equipment to get terrain information and software to process and visualize data in a meaningful way.

If you're using an earthwork software, you may not need to use one of the manual methods above. Instead, the software will run the calculations for you. However, automated systems often use more sophisticated calculation methods, such as the triangular prism method. In these programs, considerable error can occur on the boundaries depending on the extent of the topo coverage. The programs convert the topo into TINS as part fo the 3d model. You also have to use break lines to accomodate walls, curbs, etc.

The programs allow you to use the composite, pyramid or grid methods for the earhtwork calcs depending on the type of calculations. In most projects, it will also be helpful to show the cut and fill areas of the project on a plan. This is fairly straightforward in Civil 3D. We just need to open the properties of the volume surface and set a style that has 'elevations' activated. Then we go to the analysis tab, just as we did for surface analysis, and set the elevation banding required.

A standard rule is to use a gradient of red colours for cut and a gradient of greens for fill. This will help the project team understand where there is cut and where there is fill . Multi‐objective analysis is a popular tool to solve many economic, managerial and construction problems. The objective of this research is to develop and implement a methodology for multi‐objective optimization of multi‐alternative decisions in road construction.

Download Windows 10 For Macbook Pro 2010

I am trying to install windows 10 iso via boot camp. I launch the boot camp amp, and can not get past the copying windows files screen. When it fails i get the message "your bootable usb drive could not be created an error occurred while copying the windows installation files. Download and install the bootcamp 4 drivers from app website.. I'm having trouble with bootcamp/windows. Boot camp assistant keeps telling me that the windows installer disk can not be found.

When I get to the "save windows support software" section it recognises the destination usb drive but not the windows iso. I had windows 10 pro installed on a separate hard drive, my mac was already flashed from 4.1 to 5.1 with latest mojave. Bootcamp didnt work for me so i skipped that. Once on the windows side just run the windows updates, manually update any drivers that dont auto update. The utility also installs a Windows Control Panel applet for selecting the default boot operating system. I did all of this and followed all of the previous steps correctly and I still only get 2 options when it comes to bootcamp.

I tried following on with only the 2 options. I was able to download the latest windows support software on my desktop and that went perfectly. It told me to check the box that says "Create a Windows 7 or later version install disk." Which I did not have as one of my options so I'm not exactly sure where it all went wrong. I have 8 Mac Mini's all running Windows 10 as a piece of software I required to run only supported Windows. The IT assistant who managed the installation of Windows regretfully did not use Bootcamp or similar software so the computers operate just as Windows machines and use a standard Windows keyboard. I have tried using Advanced Startup options through settings and selecting the USB drive but Windows still boots normally.

All support threads I can find online relate to either installing OS X on a PC or restoring OS X on a Mac, cannot find any advice on reinstalling OS X on a Mac running Windows 10. Any support would be gratefully appreciated. In most cases for the Op's guide to work you need to be using a GPT disk however on GPT bot will always be UEFI, not BIOS. The software may need to be licensed. If you don't want to pay I think there is also a way to disable UEFI boot natively in windows..

Next purchase a Windows 10 license from the Microsoft Store and download the installation media. Now it depends on whether you Mac has a CD/DVD drive or not. If you have a drive, you can simply use the MediaCreationTool to burn an installation disk.

Otherwise, use it to create an ISO disk image file. If you are using an ISO disk image file, use the USB flash drive, your external USB hard drive, or a network drive to copy the ISO disk image to your Mac and put it somewhere in your Documents folder. I recently purchased windows 8.1 from the microsoft store and I own a late 2013 iMac 21.5″. When I try to download the setup file from the store, the mac says that it cannot run micrsoft products.

I have tried changing that file into an iso. And I have tried running that iso into bootcamp but nothing will work. There are no videos on how to install windows from a digital download. Thank you so oznu for your detailed steps to get windows 10 on an unsupported imac. I have been trying to install windows 10 on my mid 2010 mbp running Catalina Patcher in the EFI mode, without success.

I stumbled onto your post while searching for answers, and like the solution you present. I would appreciate it if you could tell me if I can directly apply your solution to my MBP. Through my research I have also installed rEFIt and using disk utility partitioned my drive and bypass bootcamp.

When I start my mac, I get the rEFIt option to install windows from my USB, but in doing so it cannot find the BOOTMGR file. Taking this upgrade path will allow you to preserve your hard drive's contents. It is already possible to run ARM-based Windows 10 through the QEMU emulator and Parallels Desktop virtualization software , furthering Federighi's statement. Once you have created a bootable USB flash drive for Windows, then download the "Boot Camp driver" for Windows. For the first time when you install Windows on Mac, so the "Internet, sound, graphics, and other drivers are disabled", and they are not working.

You Have to download it, after installation of Windows 10. You have to install the drivers using boot camp. No you don't need PC hardware since Yes you can delete OS X entirely after getting the drivers installed from Boot Camp on OS X.

… The Mac IS an Intel PC and Bootcamp is only the drivers and whatnot to create the bootable windows installer with the Mac drivers in it. There are many Mac users asking if it would be possible to install and run Windows 10 on a macOS computer in a simple manner. The built-in Boot Camp has long been the official way allowing users to partition Mac's hard drive and then install Windows in its own space. I'll be honest, I don't think Boot Camp is a great app, despite it comes with mac OS X. I had a similar issue when trying to install a 64 bit version of windows 7. On some older macs, you may only be able to install a 32 bit version of Windows 7.

Once installed, you can then upgrade it to a 64 bit using the same product key. I didn't do anything special, just installed the 32 bit version first and it worked flawlessly. If you wish to run both macOS and Windows on a single Mac computer, UITS recommends using Apple's Boot Camp utility to install Windows 10 on your Intel-based Mac. Sadly, Apple doesn't give users any direct warning when their operating system or Mac is no longer supported. Now let the Windows 10 installer run through, including 2 potential reboots of the machine. Once you are logged into Windows 10 after the entire Windows 10 installation sequence has completed, another installer should pop up for installing device drivers from the UBS stick.

These are Windows-drivers from Apple that are specific to the particular hardware of your Mac. If the installer doesn't start on its own, go to the USB drive and launch the setup.exe you will find there. In step 7, hold Option/Alt on booting up, and boot with the installation media created by rufus in modified step 4. Press any key immediately to enter Windows 10 installation program, or system will boot from the BOOTCAMP partition instead which is invalid boot device at this moment. In fact, recently I bought a MacBook Pro Mid 2012, and I had problems with the bootcamp assistant. All this using the procedure I described.

This is enough to trick Bootcamp to progress after clicking continue in Bootcamp. The screen to allocate the window partition will appear and then install win10. The sound card will work once you install the bootcamp driver.

Windows will restart 4 or so times during installation. This is the same method you will use to choose between booting into OSX or booting into Windows once setup is complete. Hi I have downloaded and installed windows 10 via Bootcamp on my Mac.

When I reboot and start the Windows drive to install Windows, my build in MacBook trackpad and keyboard doesn't work anymore. Problem with this is mainly versions. So you are running older Mac that boot camp doesn't support Windows 10. Look Windows will run on most hardware.

But the mismatch in the drivers maybe a problem. Virtual machines are a great alternative to partitioning your hard drive to install Windows using Boot Camp. It means you can use Windows in a window or even full screen if you want, and you don't have to cut the amount of space your hard drive has for your current computing needs. I've found that the BootCamp version that is included with Mavericks (10.9) will not accept the Windows 10 installation disk and will not work. You have to first upgrade your MacOS to Yosemite before you proceed, which happens to be a free upgrade. With the recent release of Windows 10, I embarked on a fun weekend project to convert my old MacBook Pro laptop into a new Windows 10 laptop.

I'm very happy with the result and this is now going to be my main laptop for all my business trips going forward. Right now, the easiest, cheapest, and fastest way to get Windows 10 on your Mac is Boot Camp, and that's what we're using for this tutorial. The first thing you should do is check the system requirements to make sure your Mac can actually run Windows 10. Your Mac needs at least 2GB of RAM and at least 30GB of free hard drive space to properly run Boot Camp. You'll also need at least a 16GB flash drive so Boot Camp can create a bootable drive to install Windows 10. I am trying to install Win 10 on my MBP Mid 2012.

Its successfully installed but no audio tried to install manually Realtek drivers with bootcamp as-well struggling from 5 Day and Nights.. Installed with bootcamp assistant not successful with boot camp also not successful does this APFS format is making this issue.. I have tried many times installing and removing really frustrated. EFI boot didn't work in my case and gets stuck on windows logo.

Option 2 shows a message "Booting from Bootcamp created disk" (or somehow so, can't see the original message any more), then blinking cursor for about a minute and then installation process starts. Just make sure the Mac OS is the correct one for the Windows version you are trying to install. You can get the boot camp drivers from your boot camp assistant on your mac. I bought an official Windows 8 from Microsoft, I follow you videos of how to installed windows 8 on my macbook pro 13 inc retina late 2013.

Boot Camp is a utility that comes with your Mac and lets you switch between macOS and Windows. With it, you can install Windows 7 on your old Mac PC and you can also use it to install Windows 10 on a new Mac PC with intel based. It also allows you to get the latest windows support and drivers and it also allows you to use your Mac PC Keyboard, Mouse while on Windows OS. You can check out a similar article on our blog about Boot Camp maybe if you're playing to install windows 7 on your MacBook, you can download and install Bootcamp for Windows 7.

This will allow you to get the latest Windows drivers on your MacBook PC. Boot Camp has been allowing Mac users to run Windows natively on their Apple computers for several years. Once Boot Camp Assistant creates the partition, it asks for your administrator password. Your Mac then restarts and loads the Windows ISO. Follow the steps in the ISO's installer, entering your product key and choosing the correct version of Windows to install. I even use a gpt and already installed windows disk from any laptop and put it into the mbp and installed bootcamp drivers and works like normal with all data from windows laptop.

The only problem I encountered (eventhough I was prepared for more..) was that I had to get a USB wired keyboard and mouse during the installation steps. However the install as such went smooth and when finalized the Bootcamp support drivers loaded nicely. I had to pair my Apple keyboard with the system. After that everything including sound, Bluetooth, graphics and what not worked like a charm.

I'm covering all the major virtual machines for your benefit and this time it's all about VMWare's Fusion 11.5 virtual machine software. They're similar, but have a few different steps in the set up process. For this new project I have already installed Windows 10 on it (this time as a direct install rather than via a Windows 8.1 detour mentioned above) and it is working beautifully. As a next step I now have a new graphics card on order and will also be adding USB 3.0 ports to that machine to make it compatible with various external USB 3.0 hard disks. BootCamp comes preinstalled in MacOS and allows you to partition your hard-drive and install Windows in parallel to MacOS as a native OS . You can then decide which partition you want to boot from by default, and you can also switch the partition to boot from upon startup by holding down the "Option" key.

I know of many people who divide their hard disk into equal partitions to be able to switch back and forth between MacOS and Windows as needed. However, if you need both OSs all the time, I find the VM approach to be easier to use. I spent hours trying to find a way to install it on MBR, due to a known and unsolved problem with the audio driver on older MacBooks when using windows with EFI boot, and I was starting to lose hope. I had already tried doing the thing you describe in step 3 to no avail. In the end, it was using the DVD installation instead of the USB flash drive what made the difference. Here is a detailed outline of Parallels Desktop 15 system requirements for hardware, supported host and guest operating systems—as well as how to transfer your PC to a virtual machine— provided below.

In step 4, using rufus portable edition to create a bootable usb installation media with MBR option selected in partition scheme. Check attached image 1 as reference settings. Open up boot camp and follow the steps, download the windows driver if you don't have it into a USB stick. Hi, i just want to share how I install windows 10 on a imac 2011 without making any change to the macos sierra. I managed resolve the sound card issue by getting bootcamp to install windows 10 on my MB PRO Late 2011 model using a DVD created from an ISO.

I followed the instructions in bootcamp and utilized your bit of code to get bootcamp to create a bootable disc from the iso file and put it on a USB, which it does successfully. When I proceed to partition my drive through bootcamp, it stops me & says there is no bootable disc detected, pls install disc. Bootcamp has long been the default way to run Windows on a Mac. We've covered it before, and you can use the MacOS tool to partition your Mac's hard drive to install Windows in its own space. There are also tools like Parallels, which lets you install Windows in a virtual machine on top of MacOS.

You can create an unlimited number of virtual machines from a single VMware Fusion license. You will need to provide the required operating system software and license for each installation of a virtual machine. If you can't find this file, check any other directories starting withRARSFX under %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp. ‡ Apple does not officially support Windows on the "Mid-2010" iMac models. They are believed to run Windows Vista as well, although no one has reported bothering to do so.

†† Apple officially supports a maximum of the 32-bit version of Windows 7 on these models. One solution is to set up Boot Camp and install Windows to use as your Mac's primary operating system. While Apple may not support your Mac anymore, ironically, Microsoft does; Windows 10 still supports systems with 1 GHz processors, 1 or 2 GB of RAM, and 20 GB of available hard drive space. Boot Camp doesn't allow you to easily transfer content between OS X and Windows partitions like virtual machines do, and you can't run the two operating systems simultaneously. But it does give Windows full access to the processing power of your Mac. It's also completely free , and a shared Dropbox / Google Drive / OneDrive folder can make data transfers a bit easier.

When you power on your Mac, it first runs the UEFI firmware. From there, your Mac can proceed into either native UEFI or switch to legacy BIOS (actually it's UEFI simulating a BIOS via the EFI-CSM module). If you purchased your Macbook Pro with the graphics card upgrade, you actually have TWO graphics cards inside. First is the integrated Intel graphics and then you also have a discrete nVidia graphics card. In UEFI mode, they are BOTH enabled and this will kill your Windows installation when you eventually install the graphics drivers.